Simple Tenses

(DO+BASE FORM)

Present

+Subject+Verb (Base Form) *Except 3rd person Singular -s/-es+(Direct & Indirect) Object+CC (Manner Place Time)
I play tennis on Mondays.

He plays the piano at night.

- Subject+Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple)+NOT+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+Circumstantial Complement

I don’t work at 9.00

She doesn’t go home today.

? Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple)+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Do you dance with me?

Does the cat eat everything?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Auxiliary Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I do. /No, he doesn’t.

Past

+Subject+Verb (Past Simple -ED)+O+CC *Irregular Verbs

I studied hard for the exam.

He played football yesterday.

We took the bus the previous year.

You travelled around the world for eighty days.

- Subject+Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple)+NOT+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC

They didn’t pay the dinner last month.

? Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple)+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Did you see him in the city?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Auxiliary Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I did. /No, he didn’t.

(MODAL & SPECIAL VERBS+BASE FORM)

Future

+Subject+Modal Verb Affirmative WILL/SHALL*1st person+Main Verb (Base Form) + O + CC

I will always love you

- Subject+Modal Verb Negative WON’T/SHAN’T*1st person+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC

I won’t buy a car tomorrow

? Modal Verb WILL+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Will he go to the cinema with us?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Modal Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I will. /No, he won’t.

Conditional

+Subject+Modal Verb Affirmative WOULD/SHOULD/COULD/MIGHT+Main Verb (Base Form) +O+CC

I would buy a car, if I had money. /I’d buy a car, if I’d money.

- Subject+(Modal Verb+Negative) WOULDN’T/SHOULDN’T/COULDN’T/MIGHT NOT + Main Verb (B.F.) +O+CC

You shouldn’t go out tonight, it’s raining.

? Modal Verb for Conditional tense+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Could you open the window, please? It’s hot here.

Would you like a cup of tea?, etc.

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Modal Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I would. /No, he wouldn’t.

(See -S/-ES RULES)

Simple Tenses

(DO+BASE FORM)

Present

+Subject+Verb (Base Form) *Except 3rd person Singular -s/-es+(Direct & Indirect) Object+CC (Manner Place Time)
I play tennis on Mondays.

He plays the piano at night.

- Subject+Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple)+NOT+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+Circumstantial Complement

I don’t work at 9.00

She doesn’t go home today.

? Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple)+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Do you dance with me?

Does the cat eat everything?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Auxiliary Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I do. /No, he doesn’t.

Past

+Subject+Verb (Past Simple -ED)+O+CC *Irregular Verbs

I studied hard for the exam.

He played football yesterday.

We took the bus the previous year.

You travelled around the world for eighty days.

- Subject+Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple)+NOT+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC

They didn’t pay the dinner last month.

? Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple)+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Did you see him in the city?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Auxiliary Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I did. /No, he didn’t.

(MODAL & SPECIAL VERBS+BASE FORM)

Future

+Subject+Modal Verb Affirmative WILL/SHALL*1st person+Main Verb (Base Form) + O + CC

I will always love you

- Subject+Modal Verb Negative WON’T/SHAN’T*1st person+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC

I won’t buy a car tomorrow

? Modal Verb WILL+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Will he go to the cinema with us?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Modal Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I will. /No, he won’t.

Conditional

+Subject+Modal Verb Affirmative WOULD/SHOULD/COULD/MIGHT+Main Verb (Base Form) +O+CC

I would buy a car, if I had money. /I’d buy a car, if I’d money.

- Subject+(Modal Verb+Negative) WOULDN’T/SHOULDN’T/COULDN’T/MIGHT NOT + Main Verb (B.F.) +O+CC

You shouldn’t go out tonight, it’s raining.

? Modal Verb for Conditional tense+Subject+Main Verb (B.F.)+O+CC+Prep?

Could you open the window, please? It’s hot here.

Would you like a cup of tea?, etc.

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject+Modal Verb+(Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I would. /No, he wouldn’t.

(See -S/-ES RULES)

Reported Speech

A speaker's words reported in subordinate clauses governed by a reporting verb, with the required changes of person and tense (e.g. he said that he would go, based on I will go ).

Google

Reporting Verbs 

Verb + (Object Pronoun) + (that)                          inform us that...

         + (Object Pronoun) + to + Verb                   remind me to close...

         + (Object Pronoun) + + for + SN                 apologise for

say    said to him

tell    told her

ask    asked them

 

advise, explain, amounce, mention, reply, offer, suggest, declare, wonder

SAY vs. TELL
TELL takes a personal object ("me"; "him"; "her", etc.)
TELL is not used before questions

SAY never takes a personal object (the personal object with "to" is used instead).

         TELL + PERSONAL OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT
         She told me she was going to be late.
 
         SAY + DIRECT OBJECT + PERSONAL OBJECT WITH "TO"
         Why did she say that to you?
                                     OD     OI
*EXCEPTIONS 
There are special phrases in which TELL is followed  by the direct object:

TELL the truth

TELL lies (a lie)

TELL stories

TELL the time

TELL jokes

TELL nonsense

.

.

. 

SUMMARY

To tell someone (not) to do something

(?) To say (not) to do something

 

Genitive Case

Possessive nouns
 
Possessions
The car of Arthur 
Arthur's car

Family relationships
The sisters of Charles have got bikes 
Charles' sisters' bikes or Charles' sisters have got bikes.

Peter is the youngest brother of Linus and Lucy 
Peter is Linus' and Lucy's younger brother.

Two friends of Sue's.                 My sisters' children.

That man's book.                      Those boys' kite.

Mr Hill's records.                       My friends' clothes.

Places
St. Mary's (hospital)                 St. Peter’s (church)

the baker's (shop)                   the travel agent's (office)

Harrod's

Time expressions
Tonight's show 

Adjectives

Order of Adjectives

                                                        SACO                                                                                                              general to specific
Determiner+Adjective(Opinion  Size  Quality  Shape  Age  Colour  Origin  Material  Type  Purpose)+Noun
Some                                       juicy                                                                   oranges.    
 Articles
 The                      nice    small           round new green   Turkey metal                       bike. 
 A                                    big                                      red                                      house.

 An                                                               old               Scottish                           man.

Demonstratives
This                     lovely big                                                                                      city.
These                  outgoing                                                                                brothers.

Numbers
Two                interesting small   square  tenth-century silver    French  wooden            tables.
Three                                                                          blue                                      cars. 

Possessives:
   Genitive Case
John's            expensive                                                                                   umbrella.
   Possessives

His                  cheap                                                                                                lamp.          

My                                        new brand                     fucshia                              bicycle. 

       Cambridge dictionary

 

 

Number of Nouns

NUMBER

PLURALS
-S
parent-parents
school-schools


-ES
-S
bus-buses

-SS
address-addresses
boss-bosses


-X
six-sixes
box-boxes
*ox-oxen

-CH
watch-watches

-SH
crash-crashes
brush-brushes
*Fish or fishes? Fish is the plural of fish, but fishes also when we talk about their types.


-O
tomato-tomatoes
potato-potatoes
hero-heroes
volcano-volcanoes
*photos, videos, radios, pianos, zeros, kilos, stereos, ...(foreign origin)


Y-I
secretary-secretaries
lorry-lorries
family-families
lady-ladies
hobby-hobbies
country-countries


- EF/-FE = -VES 
thief-thieves
life-lives
wife-wives
knife-knives

*shelf-shelves
  half-halves

*chief-chiefs

* roof-roofs
  proof-proofs

*scarf-scarfs/scarves
  dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves
  wharf-wharfs/wharves
  hoof-hoofs/hooves


-IS/-ES
crisis-crises
analysis-analyses
emphasis-emphases


IRREGULAR PLURALS
child-children
person-people or persons (official papers)
mouse/mice
penny/pence or pennies

man-men
woman-women
policeman/policewoman-policemen
manservant-menservants


phenomenon-phenomena
criterion-criteria

goose-geese *gooses
foot-feet
tooth-teeth
                                                                                                                          
ONLY SINGULAR
The Netherlands             Maths
The United States           Physics

ONLY IN PLURAL

pliers

glasses

pants 

trousers

pyjamas

binoculars 

scissors 

tongs

tweezers 

SAME IN PLURAL                                    
deer                                                                          
sheep                                                                                                    
salmon                                                         
cod                                                               
cattle                                                                                                                                       aircraft                                                         
series

 

SINGULAR & PLURAL
species
team
The Police is plural when you refer to people and singular when you are talking about an organization.