-ING

1. -W, -X, -Y or when the final syllable is not emphasized + ING    
2. -Consonant+Vowel+Consonant and when the stress is on the final syllable = -Consonant+Vowel+Consonant+Consonant+ING
3. -L = -LL+ING
4. -IE = -Y+ING
5. -E = -ING
6. Stressed vowel+R = RR

1. To enjoy - enjoying                                       To fix - fixing                                                    To snow - snowing
2. To run - running                                            To begin - beginning                                         To stop - stopping
3. To travel - travelling (UK) traveling (US)    To marvel - marvelling (UK) marveling (US)
4. To die - dying                                                To lie - lying                                                      To tie - tying
5. To make - making                                         To live - living                                                   To move - moving
6. To refer - referring                                        To defer - deferring

Infinitive versus Gerund

INFINITIVE 
With TO
a. After these verbs:
                want           help              refuse
           decide        promise        persuade
           wish           plan              appear
           agree         choose          learn
           seem          hope             expect
     They decided to take my advice.
     Decidieron seguir mi consejo.

want

 want+Infinitive

Deseo de hacer algo + subordinada infinitivo (OD)

Sujeto de want y el verbo en infinitivo es igual 

        They want to go out for dinner.

        Ellos quieren salir a cenar. 

  want+Object+Infinitive 

Expresar que otra persona haga algo. 

En castellano consiste en una oración subordinada que lleva sujeto y verbo en subjuntivo. En inglés, en cambio, como el verbo es infinitivo con to, no se considera al sujeto directo de want.

     Do you want Jenny to come with us? 

     ¿Queréis que Jenny venga con nosotros? 

Si el sujeto de la subordinada es un pronombre personal, hay que usar pronombre objeto.

     The doctor wants her to see a specialist.

      El doctor quiere que ella vaya a un especialista.

      He doesn't want me to go.

       Él no quiere que me vaya.

b. After adjectives and adverbs:
     This situation is not easy to understand.
     The car went too fast to see the traffic lights. 

c. With verbs + OD (Person)
           tell            invite            advise            teach            warn
     I invited her to come home.
     Le invité a venir a casa.  

         

Without TO  
a. Make & Let      
    Let me see your pictures.
    Déjame ver tus dibujos.

b. Some verbs of perception
            hear         feel            see, ...  
     I heard him say that
     Yo le oí decir aquello

c. Modal Verbs
   can, may, ...


GERUND OR -ING
Uses
a. Direct Object
   like                      dislike                    miss
   love                     hate                       suggest
   enjoy                   detest                    consider
   prefer                  deny (negar)
I miss seeing her.
Echo de menos verla.

b. After:
   can't stand (no puedo soportar)
   can't help (no puedo evitar) 
   do/does not mind (no importa)
   it's no use (no tiene sentido, no merece la pena)
      It is no use crying. 
         No merece la pena llorar. 

c. After all the prepositions:
    Lucy doesn't like his way of thinking.

d. As a subject of a sentence when we talk about actions or facts in general: 
    Breaking up a relationship is never easy.

e. After BE/GET USED TO, because this TO is a preposition:
    I can't get used to having holidays without you.
    No me acostumbro a ir de vacaciones sin ti.

With or Without TO
Verbs followed by Gerund and Infinitive
like
+to  "the right thing to do"

I like to wash up as soon as I finish eating.

I like to wash up as soon as I finish eating.

I like to do the shopping as soon as I finish cleaning.
Me gusta hacer la compra en cuanto termino de limpiar. 
       would like
I would like to have a cup of tea.
Me gustaría tomar una taza de té.  
-ing "enjoy"
I like watching shows on the computer.
Me gusta ver series en el ordenador.
 
try
+to "make an attempt"
I'm trying to learn Russian but it's very difficult.
Estoy intentando aprender ruso pero es muy difícil.
-ing "make an experiment"
Have you tried using shampoo instead of soap?
¿Has probado a usar champú en vez de jabón?

stop
+to "parar de hacer otra cosa"  
On my way home, I stopped to buy some milk.
De camino a casa paré a comprar algo de leche.
-ing "dejar de hacer algo"        
He didn't stop thinking about trip to London.
Él no pudo parar de pensar sobre el viaje a Londres.

remember/forget
+to "information for housesites"
- Remember to clean the table
  Acuérdate de limpiar la mesa. 
  Remember to lock the house.
  Acuérdate de cerrar con llave la casa.
- Don't forget to feed the cat.
  No te olvides de dar de comer al gato
  Don't forget to water the plants.
  No te olvides de regar las plantas.

-ing "childrehood memories"
- I remember seeing them together. 
  Recuerdo haberlos visto juntos.
- I'll never forget skiing.
  Nunca olvidaré esquiar.

regret
+to "to be sorry to do something"
Before this verbs:
announce               tell          inform
say                         see         learn
I regret to inform that your driving licence has expired. 
 Lamento informarle de que su licencia de conducir ha expirado/caducado. 
-ing "to be sorry to/not to have done something"
I regret spending all the money. I haven't got any left.
Me arrepiento de haberme gastado todo el dinero. No me queda nada. 
 

Adjectives versus Adverbs

                          Adjective                  Adverbs

quick                                    quickly

slow                                     slowly

brave                                    bravely

bad                                    badly

Irregular:

fast                                         fast

good                                       well

                                 

Gradability of the Adjectives 

English Club

Adjectives with Prepositions

ABOUT
worried about
disappointed about
excited about
furious about

AT good at
surprised at (de/por)

BY
surprised by (por)

FOR
Adjective+for+object+infinitive
It was easy for me to pass the exam. 

IN
disappointed in
interested in (en/por)

 
OF
afraid of
fond of (ineresado/a por/en, aficinado/a a)
proud of

ON
keen on (interesado/a en/por)


TO
rude to (con)
Adjective+to+infinitive                                           be+adjective+to
It's easy to follow these instructions.                      These instructions are easy to follow.
It's interesting to learn English.                              English is interesting to learn.
It's difficult to understand her accent.                    Her accent is difficult to understand. 
 
WITH
happy with
bored with
satisfied with
upset with

Gradability of Adjectives

Opposites

Positive     Negative
tall                        short /not tall
short                     long/not short

Gradable Adjectives 
Appearance
Quite/vey 
very handsome, quite pretty, ...  

Positive              Comparative of Equality    
tall                                     I am as tall as you are       George is wearing the same shirt as  Mary. 
young                                        as young as                             
beautiful                                    as beautiful as     

                                         He is not as small as/(less formal) not so tall as his brother
                                                  not as young as/                    not so young as
                                                  not as beautiful as/                not so beautiful as

Positive                          Comparative  &  Superlative of Superiority

Regular Adjectives
One syllable
fast                                                        faster than                         the fastest
big (consonant+vowel+consonant)      bigger (CC+er) than         the biggest (CC+est)

+ one syllable
late (-e)                                                 later than                            the latest
heavy (-+consonant+y)                        heavier than                        the heaviest
important                                              more important than         the most important


Irregular Adjectives
Good                                                better than                          the best
Bad                                                  worse than                          the worst
Far                                                   farther/further* than           the farthest/furthest* *more, additional
Old                                                  older/elder* than                the oldest/eldest*       *relative
Little                                               less than                              the least
Much/Many                                    more than                           the most

Positive                 Comparative      &      Superlative of Inferiority
small                                              less small than                               the least small
hot                                                 less hot than                                  the least hot
nice                                               less nice than                                 the least nice
funny                                            less funny than                               the least funny
intelligent                                     less intelligent than                        the least intelligent
                                         
Uses of Comparative 
-er                                                                                  I am taller now.
More...than                                                                   The book is more interesting than the film.
Comparative+and+comparative                                   I am getting fatter and fatter. 
The+comparative, the+comparative                             The richer, the sillier. 
                                                                                      The sooner you finish, the better.
                                                                                      The more he eats, the fatter he gets.

Uses of Superlative
The ...est+one/two-syllable adjective(-e,-y)...
in (places)                                                                   The kindest people in Essex.
                                                                                    Tom is the oldest man in town.
                                                                                    Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood.
                                                                                    The highest building in the world.
of                                                                                 The best of her dresses was wearing that night.
 ... that I have ever heard.                                            This is the longest song that I have ever heard.



The most+more than two syllables adjective 
in (places)                                                            The most beautiful girl in the world.
of                                                                          Iris is the most intelligent person of the group.
 ... (that) I have ever heard.                                 That is the most stupid story I have ever heard.                                                                                  

Non-gradable Adjectives
Extreme/Absolute/Classifiers
alive, awful, black, boiling, certain, correct, dead, domestic, enormous, environmental, freezing, furious, gigantic, huge, immediately, impossible, minuscule, mortal, nuclear, overjoyed, perfect, pregnant, principal, ridiculous, superb, terrible, terrified, unique, unknown, white, whole

"Rats" of the Verbs

Present Simple
Habits:
Always, frequently, usually, generally, often, every day
sometimes, rarely, seldom, once a week/month/year,
in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/noon/midday
never,  ...

Present Continuous
Present: At the moment, at present, this year, now,
Future: Tonight, tomorrow, next Saturday

Present Perfect
It affects the present: Ever, never, just, yet, recently, already
It continues until the present: For, since, how long...?
Stative Verbs: Feelings and emotions.

Past Simple
Completed action: Two days ago, yesterday, last week, ...
Series of completed actions: When, then, ...

Past Continuous
Incompleted action in progress at specific time in the past: 
At 8 o'clock last night, while, as
Action in progress in the past, interrupted by another action:
____ when + (Past Simple)
Two incompleted actions in the past:
While ____ , ____

Past Perfect
A completed action which happened before another action or time in the past:
Already, by the time, before, ...

Future Simple Vs. Be + Going to
Sudden decision              Plans for the future and intentions
Predicting the future       An action which is clearly going to happen
A future timeble
Promises
Offers
Refusals
Requests
Suggestions
This evening, later, next week, soon, at ten o'clock, in the future, tomorrow, in an hour


Future Continuous
In progress at a specific time in the future:
at this time tomorrow,
by 7 o'clock,
by the end of ...,
at this time,
next...

Future Perfect
It will be completed by specific time in the future: 
By this time next week.
by ten o'clock,
by then