Pronouns versus Adjectives

PRONOUNS
E.g. I love you/ I love U
        All by myself 

    

Personal Pronouns

Subject Pronouns + Verb + Object, Accusative or 

                                                 Complement Pronouns

                                       I           love       me                                       

                                      You      love       you                                     
                                      He       loves      him                                    

                                      She     loves      her                                      

                                       It        loves       it                                            
                                      We      love        us                                   

                                      You     love        you                               

                                      They   love       them                             

Reflexive or Emphatic Pronouns

myself                                     

yourself

himself

herself 

itself  

ourselves

yourselves

themselves 

For example: I hurt myself.  Reflexive (The subject and the object are the same.)

                      She herself opened the bottle. (This pronoun emphasizes the subject, it could be removed.)

Possessive  
E.g. He's broken his leg.
 
ADJECTIVE OR DETERMINER                                    PRONOUN
Possessive Adjectives          +  Noun                                           Possessive Pronouns
or Possessive Determiner
                              my       car                                        mine
                            your       chair                                     yours
                              his       house                                   his
                             her        job                                       hers
                                it        grass                                   its (not used)
                             our        son                                      ours
                           your        daughter                             yours
                           their        way                                     theirs
E.g. My car is mine, not yours.     
       Mine replaces my car and yours replaces your car.

a+noun+of mine/your/his,etc...      

E.g. Peter is a friend of mine.

       Penny is a colleague of his. 

     

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Singular                                         Plural

THIS                                           THESE

THAT                                          THOSE 

E.g. This leg belong to that chair. This is its leg.

         Adjectives or determiners     This replaces chair

Indefine Adjectives                       Indefine Pronouns    
Another+Singular noun                                             Others and The others              
Other+few/or numeral+Plural nouns                                  Plural
The other+Singular noun                                     

Grammar_Auxiliary Verbs versus Regular and Irregular Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs

DO=se traduce por "hacer"cuando es un verbo principal, es decir, no funciona como auxiliar, o no se traduce cuando actua como auxiliar. Sirve para enfatizar el verbo principal.                   

BE=ser o estar.  "I am twenty years old"= Yo tengo veinte años.               

HAVE=haber

Non auxiliary Verbs
HAVE+GOT tener y HAVE+A+(Food), (drink), shower or bath=tomar.

No Personal Forms

Infinitive               to do                        to be                                  to have
                              hacer                       estar o ser                          haber, tener o tomar
      
Gerund                 doing                       being                                 having
                              haciendo                  estando o siendo               habiendo, teniendo o tomando

Participle              done                        been                                   had
                              hecho                       estado o sido                     habido, tenido o tomado
-ING RULES

consonant+vowel+consonant = C+V+CC run - running  
 
Personal Forms

Moods 
Imperative: Orders
     Present   +        Do it!                       Be quiet!                           Have a good day!
                              ¡Hazlo!                    ¡Cállate!                            ¡que tengas un buen día!

                    -        Don't do it!

Subjunctive: Advices, Desires        
     Present   +      I did                            I were                                  I had
                            Yo hiciera o hiciese    Yo fuera o fuese                  Yo hubiera o hubiese

                              You did                     You were                             You had
                               He did                      He were                               He had
                               She did                     She were                             She had
                               It did                         It were                                 It had
                               We did                      We were                              We had
                               You did                     You were                            You had
                               They did                   They were                           They had

                    -      I did not/I didn't         I were not/I weren't             I had not/I hadn't
  
    Past   +  I had done                     I had been                            I had had
                Yo hubiera/ese hecho    Yo hubiera/ese sido/estado  Yo hubiera/ese habido/tenido/tomado
                            ...

              -  I had not done/I hadn't done

If were you...
Unless...

I wish...

Indicative: Actions, Facts,...

Forms =                                 Auxiliary verb+Main verb
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simple                                          do+infinitive
Continuous or Progressive           be+gerund
Perfect                                          have+perfect


    Present + - ?
    Past      + - ?
    Future  + - ?


Short answers

PRESENT

3rd person/singular -S work- works -Y Before vowel: play plays 

  -O, -S, -H, -X      -ES

go goes

kiss kisses

wash washes

relax relaxes
-Y.                         -IES

Before consonant: study studies

PAST
Regular        and       Irregular verbs  
-ED  RULES               (See the irregular verbs list)

TO PLAY                      TO GO              
TO STUDY                   TO COME
TO LOOK                     TO SEE                                       
TO WATCH

-Y RULES

Before vowel: Play - played

Before consonant: Study - studied  

    

Future Tense

Talking about the future…
Present continuous	·         Personal plans, decisions that have already been made. ·         Appointments, arrangements when we mention the time and place.
I’m meeting my sister on Sunday. Are you doing anything this evening? I’m working on Saturday. They are flying on Wednesday	Compare: We are opening a new office in New York next year. (We have already started looking for premises.) We are going to open a new office in New York next year. (This is only an intention; no plans have been made yet.)
Be going to + infinitive	·         Intentions decided before the time of speaking, when no real plans have been made yet. ·         Predictions based on evidence, when we can ‘see things coming’; when it is clear what is going to happen.
I’m going to learn French. This is going to be the kitchen.	It’s going to rain. She’s going to have a baby.
Will	a)    Predictions based on personal intuitions (rather than visible evidence).                                                    Tomorrow will be warm and sunny                                         I think Manchester will beat Liverpool 2-0. b)    To make a decision or offer spontaneously (at the moment of speaking).                                                    The phone is ringing. Ok, I’ll answer it.  I’ve lost my wallet. I’ll help you find it.   c)    To talk about future states & events with verbs that don’t take the present continuous.  She’ll be 30 next October.   We will know tomorrow
-    (On the phone) Fantastic! We’ll have a meeting to discuss the details. -    We are going to have a meeting to discuss the details but we haven’t fixed a date yet.   -  We’re having a meeting tomorrow to discuss the details.	-          ‘I  am studying  English tonight.’ -          ‘I  am going to study  English tonight.’ -          ‘I’ll study  English tonight.’

          

Grammar_Verbs - Tenses

Theory and Exercises

Grammar_Verbs - Continuous or Progressive Tenses

CONTINUOUS (BE+GERUND)

Present

+Subject + Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple AM/ARE/IS) +Main Verb (GERUND -ing) +O+CC

- Subject + Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple) +NOT + Main Verb (GERUND -ing) +O+CC

? Auxiliary Verb (Present Simple) + Subject + Main Verb (GERUND -ing) + O + CC + Prep?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject + Auxiliary Verb+ (Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I am. Yes, he is. Yes, you are./ No, I’m not. No, she isn’t. No, they aren’t.

Past

+Subject + Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple WAS/WERE) +Main Verb (GERUND -ing) +O+CC

- Subject + Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple) +NOT + Main Verb (GERUND -ing) +O+CC

? Auxiliary Verb (Past Simple) + Subject + Main Verb (GERUND -ing) + O + CC + Prep?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject + Auxiliary Verb+ (Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I was. Yes, you were./No, he wasn’t. No, they weren’t.

Future

+Subject + Modal Verb Affirmative WILL + Auxiliary Verb (Base Form) +Main Verb (GERUND -ing) +O+CC

- Subject + Modal Verb Negative WON’T+ Auxiliary Verb (Base Form) +Main Verb (GERUND -ing) +O+CC

? Modal Verb WILL + Subject + Auxiliary Verb (Base Form) + Main Verb (GERUND -ing) + O + CC + Prep?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject + Modal Verb+ (Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I will. /No, he won’t.

Conditional

+Subject + Modal Verb Affirmative WOULD/SHOULD/COULD/MIGHT + Aux. Verb (B. F.)+Main Verb (G) O+CC

- Subject + Modal Verb Negative WOULDN’T/SHOULDN’T/COULDN’T/MIGHT NOT + Aux. Verb (B.F.) +M.V. +G+O+CC

?Modal Verb for Conditional tense + Subject + Aux. Verb (B.F.) + Main Verb (-ing) + O + CC + Prep?

Short Answers

Adv (Affirmation or Negation), Subject + Modal Verb+ (Abbreviation of the Negation)

Yes, I would. /No, he wouldn’t.